The best books to understand—and fight—Islamophobia

This book provided me with the keys to understanding how the authorities' actions could bring racism to life. Arun Kundnani's book shows how the horrific attacks of September 11 gave rise to the construction of ideologies, opinions, theories, and public policies that regarded the domestic Muslim presence, whether immigrants or citizens, as a threat to the highest order, justifying programs of surveillance and repression that were discriminatory and infringed fundamental freedoms. 

It's one thing for the country to protect itself from violent attacks; it's quite another to consider a mass of Muslims, especially the most visible ones, as a threat and a suspect population by associating religious practice with Islamism or radicalization. These two vague notions have helped to spread an Islamophobic culture of suspicion. Arun Kundnani's book sheds much-needed light on this turning point in contemporary history in various Western democracies.

When I arrived in the USA, I particularly appreciated the great freedom granted to religions. Then I was invited by Sahar Aziz to a conference at Rutgers University. Her talk moderated my point of view. The book she published three years later changed my outlook.

In this book, Sahar Aziz chooses an original angle of analysis. She examines the paradox between an official commitment to religious freedom and repeated attacks on it when it comes to Muslims. Dr. Aziz shows that this is possible when Muslims go from being a religious minority to a racial group through the process of racialization that associates them with stereotypes and intangible cultural traits.

Religious discrimination then becomes possible under the guise of security and terrorism prevention measures, as long as the threat is strictly associated with religious faith and practice and not with political or geopolitical motivations. Moreover, according to Sahar Aziz, this disguised religious intolerance is not new; it has already flourished in the past, hindering religious freedom in a country that claims to be exemplary in this area.

Like most specialists in Islamophobia, I thought it was mainly a phenomenon that unfolded where Muslims were in the minority. So, for a long time, I ignored racism in Muslim-majority countries.

The book by Enes Bayraklı and Farid Hafez has had the merit of bringing together some astonishing contemporary studies. Many of these texts recall that the societies in question were colonial strongholds that bequeathed patterns of thought, forms of interiorization, and even “self-orientalization” that continue to irrigate representations, social practices, and sometimes public policies. Further reading!

As I'm keen for American readers to learn more about the French situation, I'd also like to suggest this book by Jim Wolfreys, which clearly shows that, unlike in countries where Islamophobia is primarily the result of right-wing and far-right ideologies, the French situation is more complex, as this form of racism often wears the respectable garb of defending the republic, feminism, secularism or tradition.

We owe this expression “respectable racism” to a French-Algerian sociologist and activist, Said Bouamama, whose struggles since the 1980s have been remarkable.

There are many remedies for racism, including education, transmission, and prevention. So as not to limit myself to the human and social sciences, I suggest this children's novel by Ayaan Mohamud. It's an embodied account, a fictionalized testimony that we discover by following Hanan, the main character, who attends a prestigious school where she is subjected to a very routine form of Islamophobic ostracism.

She follows her mother's advice to stay the course and not overreact for a while. But after a tragedy, this position is no longer tenable and she makes her voice heard, in other words, she takes her place as a visible Muslim in American society in a different way.

This novel will delight young and old alike and is a good complement to the more scientific works cited in this list of recommendations. It was originally written for my children, so they wouldn't shut up.