In 1972, I enrolled in Professor Alfred D. Chandler's Business History course at Harvard Business School, exploring the business strategies and organization structures of U.S. businesses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Chandler impressed upon me the value of examining businesses' strategies and their outcomes. His lessons ignited my interest in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the prequel to the American story. Combining a business background and proclivity for historical knowledge, I discovered that the period's successes depended on more than just production technology. Effective marketing, control systems, and logistics played key roles, while on a national scale, the scientific method and commercial competition were also crucial.
I wrote
Forging Modernity: Why and How Britain Got the Industrial Revolution
Men of Iron examines the Crowley Iron Works, one of the eighteenth century’s foremost industrial enterprises.
Sir Ambrose Crowley founded it and used his understanding of the period’s logistics to undercut competitors by setting up a nailery in Sunderland, moving to Winlaton in 1691. There he could import bar iron from Sweden and ship products by sea to a London warehouse complex, avoiding the era’s slow and muddy roads.
With the good fortune of two lengthy wars, he built a major military supply business, with 1,500 employees, becoming a City of London Alderman and a Tory MP. At Winlaton, he established the “Law Book of the Crowley Iron Works” which instituted enlightened personnel policies and an old-age pension scheme.
Crowley’s life shows that the Industrial Revolution, which included new techniques of HR and logistics management as much as steam engines, was already stirring before 1700.
Last published in 1962, this renowned work of industrial and social history is now made available to a new generation by the Land of Oak & Iron, thanks to the kind permission of the author's sons, Mark and Hugh Flinn.Until the Land of Oak & Iron Project brought the site to public attention, the fact that Winlaton, Winlaton Mill and Swalwell had been the site of the largest early ironworks in Europe was largely forgotten.We may never know why Sir Ambrose Crowley chose the Derwent Valley as the manufacturing and distribution centre for his London-based company, but what we do…
James Brindley built the core elements of Britain’s canal system, which halved the coal price in several industrial cities.
He began as the son of an impoverished rural farmer, then apprenticed to a millwright, before setting up as a craftsman-engineer. Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Gower hired him to survey a potential Trent and Mersey Canal, before introducing him to his brother-in-law Samuel Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater who wanted to connect his Worsley coal mines to Manchester.
Corble’s book centres on the Bridgewater Canal, which Brindley surveyed, developing new “puddling” techniques to seal the bottom. Brindley then used the Bridgewater Canal as a demonstration project for his much larger “Grand Cross” canal system, connecting the Severn, Trent, Mersey, and Thames rivers.
With Gower’s help, Brindley got Parliamentary authorization, raising capital from local landowners and country banks. Brindley’s Grand Cross became a gigantic infrastructure leap forward, kick-starting the Industrial Revolution.
It can be said of few men that without them the course of their nation's history would have been very different, yet through the force of his ideas and sheer bloody-mindedness, James Brindley, the first great canal builder, provided the spark that ignited the Industrial Revolution, united the nation and set Britain on course to become the world's first superpower. Born into poverty and barely literate, Brindley had a vision for the country that defied both established society and the natural order, dividing mid-eighteenth-century scientific and political opinion. Crowds flocked to marvel at this new canals and the engineering feats…
Several Industrial Revolutionaries and their scientist friends in 1765 formed the Birmingham Lunar Society, which met monthly on the night of a full moon to discuss the latest scientific developments and their applications.
Uglow chiefly focuses on five members: Matthew Boulton (the Society’s central figure), James Watt (who joined Boulton in partnership in 1775), Erasmus Darwin (scientist, grandfather of Charles Darwin), Josiah Wedgwood, and Joseph Priestley (chemist).
Priestley did not move to Birmingham until 1780, so played no role in the Society’s early years, but later injected political radicalism into the Society.
Peripheral members of the society included Benjamin Franklin, Brindley, John Michell, the astronomer, and John “Iron-Mad” Wilkinson, who invented the cylinder boring machine that allowed Watt to develop superior steam engine technology.
The Lunar Society is important in three respects: as a hotbed of scientific discovery, as a clearing house for industrial advances and in its later years as a nexus for the anti-slave trade movement and 1790s radicalism.
In the 1760s a group of amateur experimenters met and made friends in the English Midlands. Most came from humble families, all lived far from the center of things, but they were young and their optimism was boundless: together they would change the world. Among them were the ambitious toymaker Matthew Boulton and his partner James Watt, of steam-engine fame; the potter Josiah Wedgwood; the larger-than-life Erasmus Darwin, physician, poet, inventor, and theorist of evolution (a forerunner of his grandson Charles). Later came Joseph Priestley, discoverer of oxygen and fighting radical.
Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95) was a pioneer in the many non-steam-engine aspects of the Industrial Revolution.
Descended from a long line of low-end potters, Wedgwood specialized in design, then joined the high-quality pottery of Thomas Whieldon before in 1759 setting up his own business in pottery. Wedgwood was an excellent chemist, discovering several new glazes that revolutionized the pottery business.
He was also a superlative marketer, using a sale to Queen Charlotte to market “Queen’s Ware,” marketing “Etruscan” pottery with a specialized glaze to fulfil a mania for Etruscan art following new discoveries and opening a London showroom to attract wealthy patrons – he pioneered the production of chinaware for display as well as for use.
His “Etruria” works opened in 1771 beside the new Trent and Mersey Canal, which revolutionized pottery transportation, reducing breakages. Dolan gives a lively account of this multiple innovator, whose business survives today.
A definitive portrait of the pioneering entrepreneur describes how Josiah Wedgwood rose from the scion of a family of struggling potters to become one of the world's wealthiest and most powerful men during the eighteenth century and explains how he revolutionized the business model of his time with innovations that have continued into the present. 25,000 first printing.
The Industrial Revolution required machine tools, and machining tolerances far tighter than those prevailing in 1700.
That revolution was chiefly the result of Joseph Bramah and Henry Maudslay. Bramah designed an improved water closet and invented the hydraulic press.
He discovered the need for replaceable parts and tight tolerances after building a complex Challenge Lock, which became commercially viable after Maudslay enabled him to manufacture it in quantity – the Bramah Locks business still exists today.
Maudslay left Bramah in 1797, becoming the pioneer of the machine tool industry, inventing the screw-cutting lathe, the bench micrometer, and the table-top steam engine, as well as the steam dredger.
He was also responsible for the Portsmouth Dockyard Block Mills, a Royal Navy facility that used a production line, two steam engines, and 45 specially designed machines to make 130,000 pulley blocks in 1808 – the world’s first true mass production.
Forging Modernity looks at how and why Britain gained the Industrial Revolution ahead of its European competitors. After comparing their endowments and political structures as far back as 1600, Hutchinson traces how Britain, through better policies primarily from the political Tory party, diverged from other European countries. Many successes resulted from marketing, control systems, and logistics rather than from production technology alone, while on a national scale the scientific method and commercial competition were as important as physical infrastructure.
By 1830, through ever-improving policies, Britain had built a staggering industrial lead, half a century ahead of its rivals. Then the Tories lost power and policy changed forever. In his conclusion, Hutchinson shows how changes welcomed by conventional historians caused the decline of Industrial Britain.
After Dr. Shawn Jennings, a busy family physician, suffered a brainstem stroke on May 13, 1999, he woke from a coma locked inside his body, aware and alert but unable to communicate or move. Once he regained limited movement in his left arm, he began typing his story, using one hand and a lot of patience.
With unexpected humour and tender honesty, Shawn shares his experiences in his struggle for recovery and acceptance of his life after the stroke. He affirms that even without achieving a full recovery life is still worth…
Locked In Locked Out: Surviving a Brainstem Stroke
After Dr. Shawn Jennings, a busy family physician, suffered a brainstem stroke on May 13, 1999, he woke from a coma locked inside his body, aware and alert but unable to communicate or move. Once he regained limited movement in his left arm, he began typing his story, using one hand and a lot of patience.
With unexpected humour and tender honesty, Shawn shares his experiences in his struggle for recovery and acceptance of his life after the stroke. He affirms that even without achieving a full recovery life is still worth…
