The best books for understanding Russia’s empire in Ukraine

I think Hrytsak’s book–which was a bestseller in Ukraine when it first appeared–is the best single-volume history of Ukraine available in English. I heard Hrytsak speak in Lviv, Ukraine, in 2011, where he teaches at the Ukrainian Catholic University, and was taken by his ability to mix the broad sweep of history with telling anecdotes.

This book showcases Hrytsak’s abilities and reveals how Ukraine emerged over the centuries, how Ukrainian identities developed, and how Ukrainians have created a civic nation since communism’s collapse.

I particularly like his “interludes,” in which Hrytsak breaks up the chronological narrative with short essays about interesting topics. In them, you can learn about the importance of Ukrainian bread, songs, and language.  

Mara Kozelsky contributed a fantastic essay to Russia’s People of Empire on Archbishop Innokenty, the Orthodox official sent to Crimea in the 19th Century. In this book, she offers the most complete account yet of the effects of the Crimean War fought on that peninsula and elsewhere in the Russian Empire from 1854 to 1856.

The war is known here mostly for the Charge of the Light Brigade (made famous by Tennyson’s poem) or the crucial role played by Florence Nightingale, but as Kozelsky writes, the war had far-reaching, devastating consequences for imperial minorities within the Russian Empire and the Empire itself.

I found the chapters dealing with civilians affected by the war and the tragic stories of the Crimean Tatars after the war to be particularly gripping. Russia’s illegal annexation of the peninsula in 2014 makes Kozelsky’s work all the more relevant.

If you want to understand why so many Russians today (including President Vladimir Putin) believe that their national identity has roots in Kyiv, Faith Hillis’s book is a must-read. As I wrote in a review for The Moscow Times, Russian colonial settlers in and around the Ukrainian city increasingly began to push a narrative that they were all “children of Rus’,” a reference to the political entity that existed in the region from the 9th to the 13th centuries.

From the 1830s until the outbreak of World War I, as Hillis writes, this group shaped imperial policies about the relationship between Russians and Ukrainians even while they urged the imperial government to “protect” them from the Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians living all around. When Putin justified the full-scale invasion of Ukraine as one where Russia needed to “return” the “lands of ancient Rus’” and to “protect” Russian-speakers in Ukraine, I could not help but think of how much he was invoking the myths Faith Hillis wrote about in this book.

As the Russian Empire collapsed and descended into civil war between 1918 and 1922, peasants, townspeople, and soldiers murdered over 100,000 Jewish residents in the Ukrainian lands. Jeffrey Veidlinger’s well-written, deeply researched account of this violence helped me understand what happens when empires disintegrate, and ordinary people are caught up in as well as participate in violence over contested territories.

For me, Veidlinger’s main achievement in this book is twofold: first, exploring the complex, horrific reasons why so many imperial peoples engaged in violence, and second, how the murders “explain how the next wave of anti-Jewish violence became possible.”

When it first appeared, I reviewed this book for The Moscow Times and called it “the best account yet of the Soviet collapse.” Plokhy pays particular attention to how events in Ukraine during 1991 proved crucial to the final breakup of the USSR (“the last empire” of the title).

Moreover, Plokhy’s conclusions help to explain how the narratives about the collapse contributed to Russia’s aggression against its neighbor in the 2000s. Everything Plokhy writes is worth reading, including his Gates of Europe, Chernobyl, and The Russo-Ukrainian War (he is prolific), but The Last Empire’s details have remained with me: the fierce desire for independence Ukrainians expressed in 1991 has remained true ever since.