The best books about the history of the Panama Canal and the Panama Railroad

While dozens of books have focused on the building of the Canal, woefully few have looked at the construction of the Panama Railroad.

In many ways, the completion of the Panama Railroad was an even greater accomplishment than the building of the Canal. And, simply stated, had there been no Railroad, there would have never been a Canal.

Unlike the U.S. government-funded Canal, the Railroad was a private venture that nearly went bankrupt. The story of the “Yankee Strip, as it was called, is one of great daring, monumental struggles, hard work, and some good old-fashioned luck.

Larger-than-life personalities have dominated much of the story of the Canal since it was envisioned.

Spain’s Charles V, the most powerful monarch ever to reign, believed a Canal would be the source of inestimable wealth and power. Ferdinand de Lesseps, the conquistador of Suez, and arguably the biggest celebrity of his time, tried his hand in Panama to connect the Seas. Theodore Roosevelt bet his presidency on succeeding where others had failed.

Still, it was John Frank Stevens, one of America’s greatest civil engineers, who is singularly most responsible for overcoming the obstacles that nature put in the way to build the Canal. Firm, unassuming, and incredibly determined, Stevens embodied America’s rise from the end of the Civil War to victory in World War 2.

Stevens lived at the forefront of the nation’s rise to a superpower, most particularly when he saved the Canal project from complete failure.

Any understanding of transport networks across the Isthmus (road, river, railroad, and Canal) must consider the conquest of the Inca Empire.

MacQuarrie’s book illustrates how Panama was the staging ground for Pizarro’s small band of entrepreneurs who conquered the largest empire ever in the Americas. And, later, how the gold and silver from Peru was transported back to Spain across Panama.

Moreover, the book details how a bloody civil war between the conquerors almost cost them the fruits of their original victory. All of this set the stage for what would later come to much of Latin America.

Anderson’s compelling work details the search for a strait connecting the Seas from the beginning of the discovery, conquest, and settlement by the Spaniards of Panama and the surrounding reaches.

Compelling narratives about Columbus’ four voyages to America, the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, an account of the indigenous people of the Isthmus, the daring raids of Sir Francis Drake, and the sacking of Panama City by the pirate Henry Morgan are woven around the centuries-long quest to bring the two oceans together.

The earlier books on my list lay the foundation for McCullough’s masterpiece, which focuses on the French and American efforts at Panama.

While many readers interested in Panama and the Canal often start here, this book is best served at the end: like a great dessert and aperitif following a wonderful meal.