This book reminds me of the 1950s “New Yorker” cartoon where two fishermen sit in their rowboat looking at their drowning friend flailing in the water. One man in the boat says to the other guy in the boat while looking at their drowning pal “Only a miracle can save him.” This book is a major case of academic “Squid Rasslin” (see: 1994 movie “Ed Wood '' where Martin Landau playing Bela Lugosi wrestles a big rubber squid in a sci-fi B-movie. Lugosi flails around in a dark swamp flopping the inanimate squid arms here and there as if the squid were alive and dangerous). Professor Sapolsky’s squid is the notion of free will - do we have it or do we not? Sapolsky, drawing on his career as a neuroscientist and his deep sensitivity to imbalances of luck and fortune among humans, asserts that humans have no free will, that we are products of what might be called The Sapolsky Cascade, a cascade of causation determining an individual’s behavior stretching from a most recent millisecond of neuron firing / neurochemical discharge / endocrine activity back through what we ate for breakfast, argument with spouse, toxic tap water used in coffee, highschool bullying/award-winning, grade school trauma / reward, mother’s cuddling or its lack as a toddler, perinatal ingestion of whatever, fetal environment, epigenetic effects, family genetics, species genetics, and down through the turtles (from wise man response to question “What causes this n’ that?” “It’s turtles all the way down”) back through eons to when we were sponges. Sapolsky asserts that, as his hard science explains it, there is no free will involved in how we behave or who we are or our standing in society - ALL qualities of self and all behavior is determined by a person’s biochemistry, genetic luck of the draw, and emotional, sociocultural environment. Sapolsky discusses various mental and physical diseases and their mis-diagnosis over centuries. He scolds mightily the meanness of people to those less healthy, less prosperous, less a part of the dominant group, outliers-Others, who may behave badly (through ZEEERO fault of their own). OK - I get it and Sapolsky explains his reasoning with erudition, humor with a graceful, sensitive heart of gold. Sapolsky says absolutely NOTHING about the forces of our age of Cannibal Capitalism, about the corporations that have poisoned us all around the world and at an accelerating rate. He says ZIP about corporate causation of obesity, diabetes, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cancer, heart disease, autism, autoimmune disease. There are 100,000 studies regarding these corporate-caused negative effects on people. Corporate causation of the problems discussed by Sapolsky, ZIP about how gene mutations may have been caused by factory waste polluting local aquifer or pesticides in the air across millions of acres of farmland - NOTHING ! Professor Sapolsky has become a prominent, trusted national smart guy; from his many podcasts, zoom interviews, and news articles. He has our attention and he says nothing about the widespread destructive effects of corporate avarice on human health, the human mind. The professor explores fascinating aspects of free will, his big rubber squid, while his fellow Americans and citizens of our dying planet are destroyed toxins. much of this book is a replay of his great book Behave of 2017. As for Sapolsky’s turtles, the turtle we are ALL living upon is a corporate monster destroying life all over the surface of the Earth. The professor has NOTHING to say about this omnipresent evil. Alas, I suppose this would be another book altogether. He would rather rip psychiatrists a new one for misdiagnosing schizophrenia as having roots in mothering rather than brain ventricle volume - a capital crime, while Archer Daniels Midland and Con-Agra crank out liver-killing, obesity-diabetes generating High Fructose Corn Sweetener by the million tons causing epigenetic mayem all over the world. Question for the professor: If humans have no free will and corporations now enjoy “person” status; do corporations have no free will? Can our corporations not be held accountable for slowly and rapidly killing us all, for wrecking the Earth with their poisons and execrable behavior?