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Trillions: How a Band of Wall Street Renegades Invented the Index Fund and Changed Finance Forever Hardcover – October 12, 2021

by Robin Wigglesworth (Author)
4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars 528 ratings
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From the Financial Times's global finance correspondent, the incredible true story of the iconoclastic geeks who defied conventional wisdom and endured Wall Street's scorn to launch the index fund revolution, democratizing investing and saving hundreds of billions of dollars in fees that would have otherwise lined fat cats' pockets.

Fifty years ago, the Manhattan Project of money management was quietly assembled in the financial industry's backwaters, unified by the heretical idea that even many of the world's finest investors couldn't beat the market in the long run.

The motley crew of nerds—including economist wunderkind Gene Fama, humiliated industry executive Jack Bogle, bull-headed and computer-obsessive John McQuown, and avuncular former WWII submariner Nate Most—succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Passive investing now accounts for more than $20 trillion, equal to the entire gross domestic product of the US, and is today a force reshaping markets, finance and even capitalism itself in myriad subtle but pivotal ways.

Yet even some fans of index funds and ETFs are growing perturbed that their swelling heft is destabilizing markets, wrecking the investment industry and leading to an unwelcome concentration of power in fewer and fewer hands.

In Trillions, Financial Times journalist Robin Wigglesworth unveils the vivid secret history of an invention Wall Street wishes was never created, bringing to life the characters behind its birth, growth, and evolution into a world-conquering phenomenon. This engrossing narrative is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand modern finance—and one of the most pressing financial uncertainties of our time.
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  1. Print length
    352 pages
  2. Language
    English
  3. Publisher
    Portfolio
  4. Publication date
    October 12, 2021
  5. Dimensions
    6.18 x 1.15 x 9.31 inches
  6. ISBN-10
    0593087682
  7. ISBN-13
    978-0593087688
  8. See all details
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  1. Diversification, such as can be achieved through a broad, passive portfolio of the entire stock market, is the only “free lunch” available to investors, Markowitz argued.
    Highlighted by 94 Kindle readers
  2. Bachelier’s thesis Theory of Speculation is now widely considered one of the seminal works in the history of finance, the first-ever rigorous, mathematical examination of how financial securities appear to move in unpredictable and random ways.
    Highlighted by 80 Kindle readers
  3. Overall, someone investing money in all the stocks of the NYSE in 1926 and reinvesting all dividend payments would have made 9 percent annually by 1960—far higher than previously thought.
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From the Publisher

Gregory Zuckerman says, "a terrific read and a topic that will become more important."

William Cohan says, "A rollicking great yarn, replete with admirable heroes, political infighting"

Rana Foroohar: "Required reading for anyone who wants to know."

Editorial Reviews

Review

Praise for Trillions:

“A magisterial, delightfully written history offering up portraits of the academic scribblers and entrepreneurial practitioners who created the index-fund revolution. It also contains common-sense wisdom that will benefit all investors... With consummate skill, he brings to life the eggheads and the “iconoclastic” investors who guided indexing through its difficult birth pangs and oversaw its exponential development...A rip-roaring yarn.”
—The Wall Street Journal 

“​​With well-researched accumulation of one story after another, Wigglesworth brings to life how all aspects of investing have been transformed by indexation....But Wigglesworth manages to bring life to even well raked-over events, such as the boardroom bust-up that led to the birth of Vanguard or BlackRock’s “deal of the decade” acquisition...[a] first-rate book.” 
—The Financial Times

“A thoroughly reported and engaging account, featuring characters including the indomitable John "Jack" Bogle, founder of the Vanguard fund powerhouse, Larry Fink, architect of the even-larger BlackRock, and Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician whose 1900 PhD thesis made an early contribution to the academic underpinnings of passive investing...an enjoyable read.”
—Reuters

"Entertaining and educational. Wigglesworth explores one of the most important modern-day financial innovations, bringing what could be a dull topic to full life."
—Gregory Zuckerman, special writer at the Wall Street Journal and author of The Greatest Trade Ever and The Man Who Solved the Market

"As only the incomparable Robin Wigglesworth could do, this book turns the often obscured history of the investment industry into a rollicking great yarn." 
—William Cohan, special correspondent at Vanity Fair and author of The Last Tycoons, House of Cards, Money and Power, and Four Friends

"Wigglesworth has turned this arcane tale into an easy-to-understand and fun read, full of lively characters and little known details of how finance works today. Anyone who wants to understand modern investing should read this book."
—Gillian Tett, chair of the editorial board and US editor-at-large at the Financial Times and author of Fool's Gold and The Silo Effect

"Very few writers can tell a great story and help us understand a big idea. Wigglesworth is one of those rare journalists who can."
—Rana Foroohar, global business columnist at the Financial Times and author of Makers and Takers and Don't Be Evil

“A tour de force."
—Mohamed El Erian, Chief Economic Adviser of Allianz and author of When Markets Collide and The Only Game in Town

"In Wigglesworth’s hands, the greatest change in investing in the last 100 years is brought to life like never before. A page turner!"
—Fred Grauer, former CEO of Wells Fargo Investment Advisors/Barclays Global Investors
 
"Wigglesworth is one of the most lucid and exciting journalists writing about finance today. This book tackles the enormous changes that have swept the investing world through the stories of its charismatic innovators."
—Bradley Hope, writer at Project Brazen and author of Billion Dollar Whale

About the Author

Robin Wigglesworth is the global finance correspondent at the Financial Times. He focuses on the biggest trends reshaping markets, investing, and finance more broadly across the world, and writing longer-form features, analyses, profiles and columns. Before joining the Financial Times in 2008 he worked at Bloomberg News.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Portfolio (October 12, 2021)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 352 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0593087682
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0593087688
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.23 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.18 x 1.15 x 9.31 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars 528 ratings

About the author

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Robin Wigglesworth

Robin Wigglesworth

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Robin Wigglesworth is the Financial Times’ global finance correspondent, and author of Trillions, the book on the past, present and future of passive investing. He currently lives in Oslo, Norway, but covers macroeconomics, finance, investing and markets internationally for the FT.

Customer reviews

4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5 out of 5
528 global ratings

Top reviews from the United States

Thomas W. Moloney
5.0 out of 5 stars Don't miss Trillions for good reading and essential investing.
Reviewed in the United States on November 28, 2021
Verified Purchase
Don’t miss Trillions for good reading and essential investing. Warren Buffet bet and won a million dollars just knowing what it says.

You’ve undoubtedly run across bits and pieces of this story but you’re unlikely to realize how essential it is to your current and future financial health.

I generally avoid books like this. Instead reading about science and medicine for work, histories to learn how survivors treat allies and taunt enemies, novels to see how precisely words can be chosen to dissect the intricacies of how we treat one another.

This book tells the story of a fundamental change in how we as individuals can profitably invest our earnings throughout our lives. Others will gladly do it for us, at far higher fees and likely lower returns. In their casino, the house always wins.

The story is about how tenacity seizes serendipity in the lives of those who competed against and/or stood upon the shoulders of fellow contrarians. Those who together built index investing, and wrestled the world of investing from hunches parlayed by insiders into evidence-based probabilities widely available at a fraction of the expense.

The career stories of the colorful leading characters are tales told by good novels, only here true. Most of them meant to be doing something else, several were knocked flat after early success only to refuse to fail, all of them overcame the siren song to make investment money the old-fashioned way, few recognized when the time had come to retire gracefully. Knock heads they do, take big chances, learn the hard way. The same might be said and read about those intrepid scientists who successfully struggled to find a polio vaccine. Here though, the winners birth a bloodless investment revolution from which we all can now view from a higher plain the potential rewards of investing your life’s savings.

The author is a financial historian rather than a banking, economics or investment insider. Readers come away with an appreciation for how and why it happened, what’s been gained, and what are the risks if it becomes too successful. It reads like a novel rather than written in financial chalk-speak. Fans of well-told histories and biographies will find themselves in familiar hands.

On the factual authenticity scale, Trillions received a remarkably favorable review from Burton Malkiel whose credentials and insider knowledge rate him a superb judge of the validity of the telling here of this essential tale. Malkiel is also the author of one of a trio of other potential neighbors on a small shelf reserved for investing classics. These would be A Random Walk Down Wall Street by Burton Malkiel, The Remarkable Story of Risk by Peter Bernstein and Irrational Exuberance by Robert Shiller.

Thomas W. Moloney
10 people found this helpful
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The Zeker
4.0 out of 5 stars Well Written on an important topic
Reviewed in the United States on December 20, 2021
Verified Purchase
Robin Wigglesworth has written a very good book on the indexing subject. He tells the story in a fluid fashion that will not put the reader to sleep. Perhaps challenging the reader a little more on present issues in the area and some cliffs ahead in more detail, such as activism and the control that might be had on markets and investors, could have made this book that much more. While Wigglesworth writes very well in conveying the message, he also might have devoted more to the opinions of prominent investors and their aversion to passive to complete the story.
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Gilligan
5.0 out of 5 stars Index Funds: Evil or Revolutionary?
Reviewed in the United States on April 27, 2024
Verified Purchase
In this captivating book, Robin Wigglesworth, the global finance correspondent for the Financial Times, delves into the fascinating history of index funds. "Trillions" chronicles how a group of visionary outsiders defied conventional wisdom and transformed the financial landscape.

The index fund revolution began quietly, gaining momentum over the last 50 years. Wigglesworth introduces us to a cast of characters who played pivotal roles in this transformation. While Warren Buffett and John Bogle are familiar names, the book also sheds light on lesser-known figures like Louis Bachelier, whose early-20th-century work on the random walk laid the groundwork for modern finance.

Wigglesworth's gifted writing style turns what could be a dry account of financial markets into a compelling narrative. He weaves together academic research, serendipitous events, and the intellectual development behind indexing. Imagine a novel where mathematicians, economists, and practitioners intersect, shaping the course of finance.

Decades ago I was exposed to an article in the WSJ written by John Bogle highlighting the virtues of index investing. It was an epiphany for me. The book leaves readers pondering what might have been had certain chance encounters not occurred. Would modern portfolio theory have emerged without fortuitous conversations? Could the index fund revolution have thrived without these renegades?

"Trillions"is a must-read for anyone intrigued by the evolution of finance and the impact of index funds. Wigglesworth's storytelling prowess makes this historical account both informative and engaging. If you're curious about the origins of index funds and the minds behind them, this book won't disappoint.
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RTM
5.0 out of 5 stars Outstanding History of Revolutionary Financial Products: The Index Fund and ETFs
Reviewed in the United States on October 18, 2021
Verified Purchase
Financial journalist Robin Wigglesworth takes the reader on a challenging, informative, and also quite entertaining journey through financial history. His book focuses on the development of two financial products which revolutionized money management: index funds and exchange traded funds. Chapters are devoted to a variety of brilliant, colorful people who defied the status quo, often had to overcome initial failures, and together discovered a more accurate understanding about the behavior of financial markets. As a result, individual investors had the opportunity to invest more efficiently in low cost mutual funds which offered generally more success than the traditional actively managed funds. Known as "passive money management," investors who buy shares in an index fund seek only to track the return of (usually) a broad stock or bond index, although many more specialized versions have also been created. The author begins the book by telling the story of Warren Buffet's challenge to hedge fund managers that any group of them (using several hedge funds of funds) could not match the performance of the US stock market, as measured by an index fund over a 10 year period. The S&P 500 Index won handily, by 126% to 36%. Most conventional stock mutual funds have also failed to consistently beat the broad market index over longer periods of time. I recommend this book to those who want to learn more about the intellectual basis (in a relatively non-technical way) of index funds, and have the added benefit of meeting a truly amazing group of people.
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Top reviews from other countries

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A J.
5.0 out of 5 stars history of index investing! Well written and very informative!
Reviewed in Canada on December 31, 2022
Verified Purchase
Very easy read and entertaining.
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Cliente de Kindle
5.0 out of 5 stars Greatness
Reviewed in Mexico on April 16, 2022
Verified Purchase
One of the greatest books I have read. I have a General perspective about the index fund, but never quite understand both its power and the dangers ahead. Agree with some of the crítics of the index fund, without proper regulation it will dominate the board rooms of public corporations.
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E Q
5.0 out of 5 stars Superb.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 10, 2023
Verified Purchase
I found this book to be a brilliant read. It has a great flow and structure. If you have an interest in the topic, then this book is a fantastic read. I've read it cover to cover multiple times.
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Alok Kejriwal
5.0 out of 5 stars Just brilliant. Smashes all perceptions about investing. Must read
Reviewed in India on December 26, 2021
Verified Purchase
GOLD. DIAMOND. PLATINUM. A MUST MUST READ

This book rocketed to the list of my TOP 4 books (that have influenced and shaped me. Not a small feat!)

Read it NEVER to get influenced by "Investment analysts/ stock pickers",, etc. who have very SLIM chances of beating the Indices and still wanna rob you of your money.

While the book IS about Index funds and most things Finance, it goes WAY beyond investing philosophies and teaches life lessons in starting up entrepreneurship and just getting things done. How to FIGHT REJECTION. Also, how sometimes, things become FAR bigger (and dangerous) than imagined!

My fav quotes / parts:

"Wallace then proceeded to deliver what would become one of the most celebrated commencement speeches ever given.

Two young fish swim along in the sea. They meet an older fish who casually greets them: "Morning, boys. How's the water?" The two young fish then swim on for a bit before one eventually turns to the other and asks, "What the hell is water?" Wallace's point was that the "most obvious, important realities are often the ones that are hardest to see and talk about."

"Do you care who runs Toyota? I just want to know that the car works," observes Wiedman. "Indexing isn't personalized. It's a franchise business."

"The Greek poet Archilochus once observed that the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one important thing. Bogle was the quintessential hedgehog."

- The 1 million Hedge Funds vs Index Fund bet that Warren Buffet made and won.

"The asset management industry was never designed for those things. Instead, it was designed with opaqueness and complexity."

"The net effect of the efforts of thousands upon thousands of investors continually trying to outsmart each other was that the stock market was efficient, and in practice, hard to beat. Therefore, most investors should just sit on their hands and buy the entire market."

BLES—an appropriate ticker for a Bible-inspired ETF—has underperformed the global stock market since its inception. Nonetheless, Inspire has been a success, with its overall stable of biblical ETFs now managing just over $1.3 billion by the end of 2020.

The ANTI Index Fund ad put out by a Rival Bank "Who wants to be operated on by an average surgeon, be advised by an average lawyer, be an average registered representative, or do anything no better or worse than average?" (Basically extorting investors NOT to accept "average returns" as the Index fund promised :))
9 people found this helpful
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recluse
4.0 out of 5 stars 現代の資産運用業界
Reviewed in Japan on February 17, 2022
Verified Purchase
ワテの確定拠出年金は日経平均index fundに100%振り向けたまま。にもかかわらず、これまであまり知識がなかった資産運用業界。その変貌を主にアメリカを題材として描いた業界本だ。著者は、financial timesの記者。

何となく理解していたこの資産運用業界だが、こうなっているのか。

activeとpassiveの違い、そしてactiveのperformanceの首尾一貫した相対的な低さ、そしてその一因でもあるactiveのコストの高さ、passiveの成長の背後にある経済理論の実務への浸透はある程度は理解していたが、この業界の過去の変貌とpassiveの現在の規模、そして市場の寡占状態など、けっこう認識をあらたにした。

その中でもプレーヤーの栄枯盛衰の部分はなかなか読ませてくれる。blacksheepとしての６０年代のwells fargoの信託部門とその先駆性、そしてそのwells fargo inveestment adivisors (WFIA)の80年代から90年代にかけての成長とbarclays global investors (BGI)との合併（その前の段階では日興証券が一時期出資していたのだが）、そして最終的にはBGIのblackrockによる買収だ。紆余曲折はあったものの、この業界はつまるところフランチャイズビジネスであり、規模の拡大こそが資産運用、特にpassiveの肝なのだ。

この流れの結果、現れたのがこの業界の寡占化であり、資産運用のpassive化だ。たしかに資産運用に伴うコストは大きく下がり、それは機関投資家だけでなく、リテールの投資家にまで還元された。もはやリテールの投資家は圧倒的にpassiveに舵をきっている。ところが、このpassive化は、市場全体そして資本主義のdynamicsそして企業のcorporate governanceにも大きく影響を与えているというのだ。

たしかにpassiveはその本質から言って、基本的には個々の企業業績にはあまり関心を持つ必要がない。前もって定められたそれぞれのindexの構成にしたがって、新規の資金流入を割当て行くだけ。結果としてindex算定上大きな構成を占める銘柄への投資が増えていく。いまや、三大資産運用会社、blackrock, statestreet, vanguardの持株分を合計すると、アメリカ株式会社の、最大のminority投資家なのだ。この投資家は、index投資の特性上、資金が流出しない限り、株主であり続けるのだ。となると、どうやってcorporate governanceをきかすことができるのか。

逆に会社の方から見ると、このindexの構成要素に選ばれることこそが大事なのだ。そしてこのindexは特定の業者が決められた数式の下で、決められていく。そう、意図しないうちに、このindexを決めるプレーヤーが現代では資本の配分を決める新しい主人（new master of capital)なってしまったのだ。皮肉な構図だ。

ところで本書に登場するnate most、もとはGetz brothersに勤めていたのようのだ。いやいや懐かしい名前だ。
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