"A fascinating and exceptionally readable reference volume for anyone interested in Einstein as a personality, scientist, political figure, or humanitarian. The authors make clear how we have come to know what we know about Albert Einstein. They also place him within networks of biographical profiles of family members, friends, romantic interests, teachers, collaborators, and colleagues, discrediting myths of Einstein as a solitary man. This is a valuable resource by three accomplished Einstein scholars."--Mary Jo Nye, author of Blackett: Physics, War, and Politics in the Twentieth Century

"Finally, here's a compendium of Einstein facts and information from the people who know him best, the wonderful scholars who have been editing his papers. This volume is a treasure trove. It's both informative and a lot of fun to browse and savor."--Walter Isaacson, author of Einstein: His Life and Universe

"The authors are well-known Einstein scholars with an intimate knowledge of the great physicist's life and work. They have put together a most welcome encyclopedic reference work for both laypersons and experts."--Tilman Sauer, University of Bern

"This book embodies a remarkably comprehensive synthesis of the life and works of Albert Einstein. The authors are extremely qualified for the task at hand, and all throughout they abundantly display their expertise and good sense in accounting for the various and multifaceted topics. If one needs to find a single-volume encyclopedia on Einstein, this is it."--Alberto A. Martínez, author of Kinematics: The Lost Origins of Einstein's Relativity

"Three Einstein scholars cover in exquisite detail the scientific, public and private lives of Einstein…. The accessibility and detail makeAn Einstein Encyclopediaan important entry in any Einstein collection."--Symmetry Magazine

"An Einstein Encyclopediais an invaluable companion to the serious Einstein researcher."--Cosmos Magazine

An Einstein Encyclopedia

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

Part I The Personal and Family Spheres

Vital Information: Certificates in Facsimile

Below we present samples of important extant facsimile documents relating to Einstein's life. Translations or further information can be found in the cited cross-references.

Fig. 1. Birth Certificate. See also Birth Information and Family, p. 9

Fig. 2. School Report Card. See also Education and Schools Attended, pp. 28-30

Fig. 3. Doctoral Certificate. See also Part II, Doctoral Dissertation

Fig. 4. Nobel Prize Certificate. See also Part II, Nobel Prize

Fig. 5. U.S. Naturalization Certificate. See also Citizenships and Immigration to the United States, pp. 22-26

Fig. 6. Death Certificate. See also Death, pp. 122-132

Birth Information

(As given on Birth Certificate, fig. 1, pp. 2-3)

Date of Birth. March 14, 1879, at 11:30 in the morning, a male child, first name of Albert

Place of Birth: Parents' apartment, Bahnhofstrasse B, No. 135, Ulm, Württemberg [Germany]

Parents: Pauline née Koch, a homemaker; Hermann Einstein, a merchant

Parents' Religion: Jewish

Signed by: Hermann Einstein

Archives

(See also Einstein Papers Project and The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, below)

When, in March 1933, Einstein did not return to Germany after the Nazis came to power, his stepdaughter Ilse, with the help of her husband, Rudolf Kayser, and her sister, Margot, packed up his papers in the Berlin residence along with some furniture and other belongings. Rudolf also bundled together some papers at the Einsteins' summer home in Caputh. Through connections with the French ambassador to Germany, André François-Poncet, the Kaysers were able to remove these portions of Einstein's literary estate to France via sealed diplomatic pouch. From there they were shipped to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where Einstein took up residence in autumn 1933 (see Folsing, Albert Einstein, p. 666). These papers and files constituted the earliest form of what later became the Einstein Archives.

In accord with Einstein's Last Will and Testament (see Death, below), his literary estate was bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI). The will stipulated that the files were to be transferred to the university from the Institute after the deaths of Margot Einstein and Helen Dukas (see sec. 13E of the will). Enriched by additional originals, copies, and transcriptions, this literary estate became the foundation of the Einstein Archives.

After Einstein's death in 1955, Dukas, later with the help of Gerald Holton of Harvard University, began a systematic organization of Einstein's literary legacy. In the meantime, Otto Nathan, the executor of Einstein's estate, launched a campaign to acquire new material for the archive, also with the help of Dukas and Holton. One of the goals of their project was to prepare the correspondence, writings, and documents for eventual publication by Princeton University Press (PUP) as The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. PUP established an advisory board in the 1970s to jumpstart the ambitious project.

After Dukas's death in early 1982, the archive of original documents was moved to Jerusalem late that year. Dukas had been Einstein's longtime secretary, and after his death, she had become not only a literary trustee but also the first archivist of his papers. In Jerusalem, the first archivist/curator was Manfred Waserman (1988-1989), followed by Zeev Rosenkranz (1989-2003), and Roni Grosz (2004 to the present). The archives were shipped from Princeton to the Jewish National and University Library, administratively a part of the HUJI. They are now administered directly by the HUJI's Library Authority.

Today the archives consist of approximately 80,000 items, a sharp increase from the 10,000 documents estimated in 1978 and 42,000 estimated in 1980. The 80,000 figure includes not only Einstein's correspondence, writings, and documents, but also copies, transcriptions, translations, and third-party documents that are invaluable in providing context and preparing annotations. The number also reflects an active and continual search for new materials. As John Stachel, the founding editor of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, noted in his 1980 guide to the duplicate archive that is now located at Caltech, "The Archive itself is a changing thing. Documents are added and sometimes transferred from one place to another. Annotations may be added, changed, or moved." Einstein's diaries, photos, medals, citations, music collection, and books from his personal library are stored in Jerusalem as well, making this the richest of scientific archives.

Duplicate archives for use by scholars have been established at the libraries of Boston University, the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, and Princeton University in New Jersey. Smaller collections can be accessed in various institutes, colleges, and national archives, to which private parties have donated personal papers that include Einstein correspondence and photographs. Among these are Brandeis University (The Albert Einstein Collection); the Leo Baeck Institute in New York City, particularly useful for its photographs; Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York (Otto Nathan Papers); and the Prussian State Library in Berlin. The Library of Congress in Washington, DC, also has Einstein-related documents and photographs.

Because Helen Dukas and Otto Nathan were the principal figures in establishing the archives, we have placed their biographical information in this section.

Helen Dukas

Helene Dukas, later known as Helen or Helena Dukas, was born on October 17, 1896, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, to Leopold and Hannchen Dukas. She was one of seven children. Following the premature death of her mother in 1909, she dropped out of high school to care for her siblings. She later became a kindergarten teacher in Munich and in 1923 moved to Berlin to work as a secretary for a publisher. When the small publishing firm was liquidated five years later, Dukas looked for another job. Her sister Rosa, a friend of Elsa Einstein's, had heard that Einstein needed a new private secretary because Ilse Einstein, his first full-time secretary, had married Rudolf Kayser and chose to stop working for her stepfather. Rosa alerted Dukas to the open position. After Einstein had employed several temporary secretaries, including Siegfried Jacoby and Edwin Sicradz, Dukas began work in April 1928 as Einstein's secretary, a position she held until the physicist's death.

Helen Dukas was not a relative of Einstein's, but everyone treated her like a family member. She became an enormously important person in Einstein's life and, after immigrating to the United States, lived in his house with other family members, even after Einstein's death, for the rest of her life. She never married.

Dukas arrived in Princeton in October 1933 with Einstein and his second wife, Elsa. After Elsa's death in late 1936, Dukas became housekeeper in the Mercer Street home in addition to carrying out her duties as secretary. On October 1, 1940, she took the American oath of citizenship in nearby Trenton, New Jersey, together with Einstein and his stepdaughter Margot.

Dukas was known for being intelligent, modest, shy, and passionately loyal to Einstein. She was fiercer about protecting his privacy than even Einstein himself. This trait prompted Einstein to nickname her "my Cerberus," after the hound in Greek and Roman mythology that guarded the entrance to the underworld. Over time, this vigilance and buffering became partly responsible for much of the Einstein mythology. There is no evidence the two ever had a romantic relationship. As if trying to dissuade any rumors, she respectfully referred to him as "Herr Professor" during his lifetime and "the professor" after his death, never as "Albert" — at least in public and in writing. In his last will of 1950, Einstein appointed Dukas, along with his friend Otto Nathan, as co-trustee of his literary estate. The will also stipulated that his personal effects and a sizeable portion of his financial assets be left to her. (See Death, "Last Will and Testament")

After Einstein's death in 1955, Dukas continued to live in the home on Mercer Street with Margot Einstein. She devoted herself to organizing a formal archive of Einstein's considerable writings and correspondence, a task she undertook first in an office in the basement of Fuld Hall at the Institute and later in a small office on the third floor. She worked faithfully and diligently on the files, adding short notes and cross-references to many of the documents she had filed. Morever, she typed up thousands of transcriptions, mostly of Einstein-authored letters. In addition, she and Einstein's former assistant Banesh Hoffmann, who became a mathematics professor at Queens College in New York, published two books, Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel and Einstein, the Human Side.

Dukas continued to come to the office in an Institute shuttle several times a week until her death on February 9, 1982, the result of a ruptured stomach ulcer, at age eighty-five. During her memorial service on February 12 at the Jewish Center in Princeton, Otto Nathan, who had known her for forty-eight years and was close to her for the final twenty-seven, tearfully proclaimed, "When Helen closed her eyes for the last time three days ago, Einstein died a second time. No one was closer to him, no one more dedicated to him. Her purpose in life was to serve Einstein. ... She was excited about every new item that came into the archive, as if a part of Einstein himself had returned. ... No illustrious scientist could ever duplicate the work she has done." (From Alice Calaprice's notes of the service; see also the New York Times's obituary.) She left her various assets mostly to her sisters and nieces, to Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and to Margot Einstein. She appointed Otto Nathan as the executor of her estate and bequeathed to him a signed, silver-framed photograph of Einstein. (See Einstein Archives 74-628 for a copy of her will.)

Otto Nathan

Otto Nathan was born on July 15, 1893, in Bingen, Germany. An economist, he served as an adviser to the Prussian government during the Weimar Republic from 1920 to 1933 and left Germany after Hitler's rise to power. After immigrating to the United States, he taught at several universities on the East Coast, including Princeton University, Vassar College, and Howard University, and published two books on Nazi economics. With Heinz Norden, he coauthored Einstein on Peace (1960).

Einstein and Otto Nathan met in Princeton in the mid-1930s, shortly after both established residence there. They quickly developed a trusting friendship that lasted until Einstein's death. Einstein appointed his old friend as sole executor and a co-trustee of the Einstein estate. With the help of Helen Dukas, Nathan dedicated himself to preserving for posterity Einstein's established legacy as a secular saint. For years, researchers had tried to construct a more realistic portrait of Einstein but were thwarted by the considerable lengths to which Nathan and Dukas went to avoid sharing information that might be damaging to the physicist's established reputation. Nathan died in New York City on January 27, 1987, at the age of ninety-three, five years after Dukas. He bequeathed his papers to Vassar College and to HUJI.

Awards, Honorary Degrees, and Honorary Memberships in Foreign Societies

Helen Dukas prepared an incomplete list of awards and honors for the Einstein Archives (Einstein Archives 30-105; see also Reel 65 in the archives). She noted that the citations themselves were left in Germany and that her compilation was likely to be incomplete. However, the archives have since been updated, and we were able to verify all listed honorary degrees with the institutions themselves or with certificates in the archives, thereby adding many previously omitted entries to Dukas's original short list. (Numbers in brackets are archival numbers; CPAE stands for The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein.)

Awards, Medals, and Miscellaneous Honors

1918 Vahlbruch Prize, University of Gottingen [CPAE 8:699n.13]

1918 Müller Foundation honorary prize (Germany) [30-115]

1920 Barnard Medal, Columbia University, for period ending July 17, 1919 (USA) [30-129, 65-012]

1921 Freedom of the City, and Freedom of the State, New York [92-117]; Freedom of the City, New Haven, Connecticut [CPAE 12:453] — while on his first visit to the United States

1921 Nobel Prize in Physics (awarded in 1922) [65-020.3, 85-125]

1921 Election to Royal Society, London [76-427]

1922 Matteucci Gold Medal, Italian Society of Science [30-157, 158]

1923 Diploma of the Golden Book, Jewish National Fund, Jerusalem [65-022]

1923 First "Freedom of the City" award, Tel Aviv (Palestine) [30-170]

1923 Order Pour le Mérite for Science and the Arts (Peace Class) (Germany) [65-075]. Einstein renounced it in 1933.

1924 Einstein Tower, a solar observatory, in Potsdam, near Berlin, completed

1925 Copley Medal, Royal Society (UK) [121-326]

1925 Jewish-Hispanic Congregation of Buenos Aires, medal [65-077]

1926 Gold Medal, Royal Astronomical Society, London [30-214, 79-385]. Also chosen as awardee in 1919 but not confirmed by membership (see Part II, Colleagues, "Arthur Stanley Eddington") [87-397].

1926 Medal of the Academy of Athens (Greece) [65-080]. Einstein's letter of acceptance is dated 1933.

1929 Planck Medal (Germany). First Planck Medal, shared with Planck himself [19-341].

1930 Key to City of New York, upon his second visit [New York Times, Dec. 14, 1930, p. 1]

1931 French Committee for the Protection of Intellectuals, medal [65-087]

1931 Janssen Medal of the French Astronomical Society, Paris [65-085, 30-255]

1933 Community Church of New York, medal for distinguished religious service [65-089, 69-614]

1935 Franklin Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia [65-056, 88-841 (photo)]

1940 Phi Epsilon Pi National Service Award [88-218]

1947 Foreign Press Award [28-782, 65-113]

1947 Jewish War Veterans of the USA, New York, certificate of honor [65-067]

1947 World Federalist News Award [see Nathan and Norden, Einstein on Peace, p. 404]

1948 One World Award [88-623]

1950 Teachers Union Award, for distinguished service in the cause of education [87-458]

1953 Decalogue Society of Lawyers, merit award [88-518]

1953 Honorary presidency of Hebrew University in Jerusalem [76-487]

1953 Lord and Taylor Award for "intellectual adventuring," "given to those with a creative and nonorthodox approach to life" [28-979, 72-978, 90-074]

1955 The chemical element 99 was named einsteinium (fig. 7)

1979 Monumental bronze statue unveiled on the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC

1990 Name added to the Walhalla Memorial for "laudable and distinguished Germans," near Regensburg, Bavaria (Germany)

1999 Time magazine's "Person of the Century"

2008 Inaugural inductee into New Jersey Hall of Fame, with Thomas Edison and Clara Barton

Honorary Degrees (Doctor honoris causa)

1909 University of Geneva (Switzerland) [30-106 to 109]

1919 University of Rostock (Germany), honorary doctor of medicine [65-008]

1921 University of Manchester (England) [32-628]